Figure 7

Bifurcation analysis and time histories for the flicker only case. (A) Bifurcation diagram for the Wilson model (1) with high frequency periodic forcing (flicker; 18 Hz) varying adaptation strength h, \(g=1.5\). Three main types of dynamical behaviors are modulated by forcing frequency: (1) Modulated WTA (WTA-Mod), (2) Modulated rivalry (RIV-Mod), (3) Modulated SIM (SIM-Mod). RIV-Mod branch which occurs through supercritical torus bifurcation (T), is associated with slow rivalry alternations. Solid curve: stable limit cycle, dashed curve: unstable limit cycle, filled circles: attracting torus. (B) Boundaries of different dynamical behavior with high frequency periodic forcing (flicker 18 Hz) are shown in parameter space \((h,g)\). The region with the RIV-Mod solution is confined by the curve of torus bifurcation. (C) Firing activity of each competing population \(E_{1}\) (solid lines) and \(E_{2}\) (dashed lines) with high frequency periodic forcing; flicker 18 Hz and different adaptation strength h: WTA-Mod regime with \(h=0.5\), RIV-Mod regime with \(h=2\), SIM-Mod regime with \(h=6\). Other parameters: \([J_{\mathrm{HL}}]_{\max }=[J_{\mathrm{VR}}]_{\max }=10\)